Macromedia Flash Mx 2004 Portable Oxygen

5.5/ September 2003; 16 years ago ( 2003-09)WebsiteHomeSite was an originally developed. Unlike HTML editors such as and, HomeSite was designed for direct editing, or ',' of HTML and other website languages.After a successful partnership with the company to distribute it alongside its own competing Dreamweaver software, HomeSite was acquired by in 2001, after which elements of the software were integrated into Dreamweaver. Following the acquisition of Macromedia by, the company announced on May 26, 2009 that HomeSite would be discontinued. Contents.History It was originally developed in in 1995. Bradbury wrote HomeSite after using and being frustrated with it. In March 1997 from Cambridge, Massachusetts (founded by brothers Jeremy and J.J. Allaire) acquired HomeSite and Nick Bradbury joined Allaire.

1. Flash Mx

After leaving Allaire in 1998, Bradbury went on to work on the CSS/xHTML editor and the reader. Macromedia acquired Allaire in 2001 and was in turn acquired by Adobe in 2005.At Allaire, a version of HomeSite was created as an for, selling as ColdFusion Studio.

This version was later merged into Coldfusion MX under Macromedia, and was then called HomeSite+. Development of HomeSite continued in parallel, though the standalone HomeSite was still sold separately.In the days that HomeSite was under Nick Bradbury, and then part of Allaire, it had an enthusiastic following from its user community. While many software companies at the time had (What You See Is What You Get) website creation tools where the user never saw the code, Nick Bradbury created a product that was code centric and popular with those that preferred to work directly in the code, a concept that was dubbed 'What You See Is What You Need.' Further he built in a variety of ways that users could customize the user interface and extend the functionality. Allaire kept this concept going as its target market of users were code-centric as well. Allaire developers expanded upon Nick's original HomeSite capabilities by adding features like built-in scripting, improved syntax coloring, and for tag insight and tag editors.Macromedia licensed a copy of HomeSite to include in Windows versions of Dreamweaver 1.0 (Mac versions bundled ).

This OEM deal started the relationship between the companies and eventually led to the acquisition of Allaire by Macromedia in 2001. Although Macromedia improved the hand coding features in Dreamweaver 6.0 (MX) to be more on par with HomeSite, the company continued to produce both products separately, stating that 'both products are excellent for their specific purposes.' Macromedia was then acquired by Adobe in 2005. In May 2009, Adobe elected to cease development of HomeSite, and no longer supports the product, though they still maintain a forum for active users.

Instead, existing HomeSite users are asked to consider switching to the newest version of Dreamweaver. Versions. Homesite 1.x (September 1996). Allaire Homesite 2.0. Allaire Homesite 2.5a (1997). Allaire HomeSite 3.0 (November 1997). Allaire HomeSite 4.0 (November 1998).

Allaire HomeSite 4.5 (1999). Macromedia HomeSite 5.0 (2001). Macromedia HomeSite 5.2 (January 2003). Macromedia HomeSite 5.5 (September 2003)There was also another version called HomeSite+ which was included in MX 2004 and greater. HomeSite+ had additional functionality for application development, and was generally comparable to the version of HomeSite formerly called ColdFusion Studio. HomeSite+/CF Studio versions parallel standalone HomeSite versions.Features.

Customizable interface that includes dockable toolbars with custom buttons, a with 'tag,' and custom dialogs and wizards written in the language. Extensively script-able to automate tasks or to perform advanced tasks using JavaScript or VBScript. Macro recorder can record a series of actions to create scripts for later playback. Enhanced code snippets save time by creating and saving reusable blocks of code, and can prompt for variable replacement when used. Customizable for, HTML,. Syntax-coloring parser syntax and examples are to help users to extend or write their own.

Search and replace utility. editing via the included TopStyle Lite, or via integration with the full version of, if available. Check your code with the built-in Code Validator, or use with UI integration. Customizable code formatting formats your code to standards with Code Sweeper or. Integrated help browser shows installed help docs or HTML-format document sets added by the user.

This article is about the browser plugin. Contents.Features Adobe Flash Player is a runtime that executes and displays content from a provided file, although it has no in-built features to modify the SWF file at runtime, it can execute software written in the programming language which enables the runtime manipulation of text, data,.

The player can also access certain connected hardware devices, including the and, after permission for the same has been granted by the user.Flash Player is used internally by the (AIR), to provide a cross-platform runtime environment for and mobile applications. AIR supports installable applications on, and some mobile operating systems such as.

Flash applications must specifically be built for the AIR runtime to use additional features provided, such as file system integration, native client extensions, native window/screen integration, taskbar/dock integration, and hardware integration with connected and devices. Data formats Flash Player includes native support for many, some of which can only be accessed through the scripting interface.

XML: Flash Player has included native support for parsing and generation since version 8. XML data is held in memory as an XML, and can be manipulated using ActionScript. ActionScript 3 also supports (E4X), which allows XML data to be manipulated more easily. JSON: Flash Player 11 includes native support for importing and exporting data in the (JSON) format, which allows interoperability with and programs. AMF: Flash Player allows application data to be stored on users computers, in the form of, the Flash equivalent to. Flash Player can also read and write files in the, the default data format for Local Shared Objects.

Since the AMF format specification is published, data can be transferred to and from Flash applications using AMF datasets instead of or, reducing the need for and such data. SWF: The specification for the file format was published by Adobe, enabling the development of the SWX Format project, which used the SWF file format and AMF as a means for Flash applications to exchange data with server side applications. The SWX system stores data as standard SWF bytecode which is automatically interpreted by Flash Player. Another project, SWXml allows Flash applications to load XML files as native ActionScript objects without any client-side XML parsing, by converting XML files to SWF/AMF on the server.Multimedia formats Flash Player is primarily a graphics and multimedia platform, and has supported and since its earliest version, it supports the following different multimedia formats which it can natively and play back. MP3: Support for decoding and playback of (MP3) audio was introduced in Flash Player 4. MP3 files can be accessed and played back from a server via, or embedded inside an SWF file, which is also a streaming format. FLV: Support for decoding and playing back video and audio inside (FLV and F4V) files, a format developed.

Flash Mx

Flash Video is only a container format and supports multiple different video, such as, and more recently. Flash Player uses hardware acceleration to display video where present, using technologies such as and to do so. Flash Video is used by, and other news providers. FLV files can be played back from a server using, and can also be embedded inside an SWF file. Flash Video can also be streamed via using the or other such server-side software.

PNG: Support for decoding and rendering (PNG) images, in both its 24-bit (opaque) and 32-bit (semi-transparent) variants. Flash Player 11 can also encode a PNG bitmap via ActionScript. JPEG: Support for decoding and rendering compressed images.

Flash Player 10 added support for the advanced image compression standard developed by, which results in better compression and quality than JPEG. JPEG-XR enables and compression with or without transparency. Flash Player 11 can also encode a JPEG or JPEG-XR bitmap via ActionScript.

GIF: Support for decoding and rendering compressed (GIF) images, in its single-frame variants only. Loading a multi-frame GIF will display only the first image frame.Streaming protocols. HTTP: Support for communicating with using requests and data. However, only websites that explicitly allow Flash to connect to them can be accessed via HTTP or, to prevent Flash being used as a tool for,. Websites must host a certain XML file termed a cross domain policy, allowing or denying Flash content from specific websites to connect to them.

Certain websites, such as, already host a cross domain policy that permits Flash content to access their website via HTTP. RTMP: Support for live audio and video streaming using the (RTMP) developed. RTMP supports a non-encrypted version over the (TCP) or an encrypted version over a secure (SSL) connection.

RTMPT can also be within requests to traverse that only allow HTTP traffic. TCP: Support for (TCP) Internet socket communication to communicate with any type of server, using. Sockets can be used only via, and can transfer, or binary data (ActionScript 3.0 and later). To prevent security issues, web servers that permit Flash content to communicate with them using sockets must host an -based cross domain policy file, served on 843. Sockets enable AS3 programs to interface with any kind of server software, such as.Performance Hardware acceleration Until version 10 of the Flash player, there was no support for acceleration. Version 10 added a limited form of support for on materials in the form of the API, but still did not have GPU-accelerated 3D vertex processing.

A significant change came in version 11, which added a new low-level API called (initially codenamed Molehill), which provides full GPU acceleration, similar to. (The partial support for GPU acceleration in Pixel Bender was completely removed in Flash 11.8, resulting in the disruption of some projects like MIT's, which lacked the manpower to recode their applications quickly enough. )Current versions of Flash Player are optimized to use for video playback and 3D graphics rendering on many devices, including desktop computers. Performance is similar to playback.

Also, Flash Player has been used on multiple mobile devices as a primary user interface renderer. Main article:In 2011, Flash Player had emerged as the de facto standard for online video publishing on the desktop, with adaptive bitrate video streaming, and fullscreen support. On mobile devices however, after refused to allow the Flash Player within the inbuilt web browser, Adobe changed strategy, enabling Flash content to be delivered as native mobile applications using the.Up until 2012, Flash Player 11 was available for the (ARM Cortex-A8 and above), although in June 2012, Google announced that Android 4.1 (codenamed ) would not support Flash by default. Starting in August 2012, Adobe no longer updates Flash for Android. See also:Flash Player supports persistent local storage of data (also referred to as ), which can be used similarly to or in. Local storage in Flash Player allows websites to store non-executable data on a user's computer, such as authentication information, game high scores or saved games, server-based session identifiers, site preferences, saved work, or temporary files. Flash Player will only allow content originating from exactly the same website to access data saved in local storage.Because local storage can be used to save information on a computer that is later retrieved by the same site, a site can use it to gather user statistics, similar to how HTTP cookies and Web Storage can be used.

With such technologies, the possibility of building a profile based on user statistics is considered by some a potential. Users can disable or restrict use of local storage in Flash Player through a 'Settings Manager' page; these settings can be accessed from the Adobe website or by right-clicking on Flash-based content and selecting 'Global Settings'.Local storage can be disabled entirely or on a site-by-site basis. Disabling local storage will block any content from saving local user information using Flash Player, but this may disable or reduce the functionality of some websites, such as saved preferences or high scores and saved progress in games.Flash Player 10.1 and upward honor the settings in the latest versions of the Chrome, Firefox, Internet Explorer, and Safari web browsers, such that no local storage data is saved when the browser's privacy mode is in use.

Security. See also:Adobe security bulletins and advisories announce security updates, but Adobe Flash Player release notes do not disclose the security issues addressed when a release closes security holes, making it difficult to evaluate the urgency of a particular update. A version test page allows the user to check if the latest version is installed, and uninstallers may be used to ensure that old-version plugins have been uninstalled from all installed browsers.In February 2010, Adobe officially apologized for not fixing a known vulnerability for over a year.

In June 2010 Adobe announced a 'critical vulnerability' in recent versions, saying there are reports that this vulnerability is being actively exploited in the wild against both Adobe Flash Player, and Adobe Reader and Acrobat. Later, in October 2010, Adobe announced another critical vulnerability, this time also affecting -based mobile devices. Android users have been recommended to disable Flash or make it only on demand. Subsequent security vulnerabilities also exposed Android users, such as the two critical vulnerabilities published in February 2013 or the four critical vulnerabilities published in March 2013, all of which could lead to arbitrary code execution.' S Internet Security Threat Report states that a in and Flash Player was the second most attacked vulnerability in 2009; the same report also recommended using to disable Flash Player usage on untrusted websites.

Predicted that Adobe software, especially Reader and Flash, would be primary target for attacks in 2010. Adobe applications had become, at least at some point, the most popular client-software targets for attackers during the last quarter of 2009; the Security Network published statistics for the third quarter of 2012 showing that 47.5% of its users were affected by one or more critical vulnerabilities. The report also highlighted that 'Flash Player vulnerabilities enable cybercriminals to bypass security systems integrated into the application.' Steve Jobs criticized the security of Flash Player, noting that 'Symantec recently highlighted Flash for having one of the worst security records in 2009'. Adobe responded by pointing out that 'the Symantec Global Internet Threat Report for 2009, found that Flash Player had the second lowest number of vulnerabilities of all Internet technologies listed (which included both web plug-ins and browsers).' April 7, 2016, Adobe released a Flash Player patch for a memory corruption vulnerability CVE-2016-1019 that could be used to deliver via the Magnitude exploit kit; the vulnerability could be exploited for. Vendor lock-in Flash Player 11.2 does not play certain kinds of content unless it has been digitally signed by Adobe, following a license obtained by the publisher directly from Adobe.This move by Adobe, together with the abandonment of Flex to Apache was criticized as a way to lock out independent tool developers, in favor of Adobe's commercial tools.This has been resolved as of January 2013, after Adobe no longer requires a license or royalty from the developer.

All premium features are now classified as general availability, and can be freely used by Flash applications. Apple controversy. Main article:In April 2010, at the time CEO of published an open letter explaining why Apple would not support Flash on the,.

In the letter he blamed problems with the 'openness', stability, security, performance, and integration of the Flash Player as reasons for refusing to support it, he also claimed that when one of Apple's computers crashes, 'more often than not' the cause can be attributed to Flash, and described Flash as 'buggy'. Adobe's CEO responded by saying, 'If Flash is the number one reason that Macs crash, which I'm not aware of, it has as much to do with the Apple operating system.' Steve Jobs also claimed that a large percentage of the video on the Internet is supported on iOS, since many popular video sharing websites such as YouTube have published video content in an compatible format, enabling videos to playback in mobile web browsers even without Flash Player. China specific version Starting with version 30, Adobe stopped distributing Flash Player directly to Chinese users.

Instead, they selected 2144.cn as a partner and released a special version of Flash Player on a specific website, which contains a non-closable process that collects privacy information and pops up advertisement window contents. The partnership started in about 2017, but in version 30, Adobe disabled the usage of vanilla (global) version of Flash Player in China, forcing users to use that specific version, which may pose a risk to its users due to China's; this affects users using, users using, and users using all versions of Windows, as Microsoft still directly distributes Flash Player for Internet Explorer and through in Windows 8 and upward.Release history. Macromedia Flash Player 2 (June 17, 1997). Mostly vectors and motion, some, limited audio. Support of stereo sound, enhanced bitmap integration, buttons, the Library, and the ability to color changes.

Macromedia Flash Player 3 (May 31, 1998). Added alpha transparency, licensed MP3 compression. Brought improvements to animation, playback, and publishing, as well as the introduction of simple script commands for interactivity. Macromedia Flash Player 4 (June 15, 1999). Saw the introduction of MP3s and the Motion Tween. Initially, the Flash Player plug-in was not bundled with popular web browsers and users had to visit Macromedia website to download it; As of 2000, however, the Flash Player was already being distributed with all, and browsers. Two years later it shipped with all releases of; the install-base of the Flash Player reached 92 percent of all Internet users.

Macromedia Flash Player 5 (August 24, 2000). A major advance in ability, with the evolution of Flash's scripting abilities as released as ActionScript. Saw the ability to customize the authoring environment's. was the first initiative from Macromedia to separate design from content in Flash files.

Generator 2.0 was released in April 2001, and featured real-time server-side generation of Flash content in its Enterprise Edition. Generator was discontinued in 2002, in favor of new technologies such as, which allows for seamless transmission of data between the server and the client, and Server. In October 2000, guru wrote a polemic article regarding usability of Flash content entitled '. (Macromedia later hired Nielsen to help them improve Flash usability.). Is a kernel-based operating system designed by Google. It is derived from the free software and uses the web browser as its principal user interface; as a result, Chrome OS supports web applications. Google announced the project in July 2009, conceiving it as an operating system in which both applications and user data reside in the cloud: hence Chrome OS runs web applications.

Source code and a public demo came that November; the first Chrome OS, known as a, arrived in May 2011. Initial Chromebook shipments from and occurred in July 2011.

Chrome OS has file manager, it supports, which resemble native applications, as well as remote access to the desktop. Applications started to become available for the operating system in 2014, in 2016, access to Android apps in the entire was introduced on supported Chrome OS devices. Reception was skeptical, with some observers arguing that a browser running on any operating system was functionally equivalent.As more Chrome OS machines have entered the market, the operating system is now evaluated apart from the hardware that runs it. Chrome OS is only available pre-installed on hardware from Google manufacturing partners, but there are unofficial methods that allow it to be installed in other equipment.

An open source equivalent, Chromium OS, can be compiled from downloaded source code. Early on, Google provided design goals for Chrome OS, but has not otherwise released a technical description. Google announced Chrome OS on July 7, 2009, describing it as an operating system in which both applications and user data reside in the cloud. To ascertain marketing requirements, the company relied on informal metrics, including monitoring the usage patterns of some 200 Chrome OS machines used by Google employees.

Developers noted their own usage patterns. Matthew Papakipos, former engineering director for the Chrome OS project, put three machines in his house and found himself in for brief sessions: to make a single search query or send a short email.Chrome OS was intended for secondary devices like netbooks, not as a user's primary PC. While Chrome OS supports hard disk drives, Google has requested that its hardware partners use solid-state drives 'for performance and reliability reasons' as well as the lower capacity requirements inherent in an operating system that accesses applications and most user data on remote servers. In November 2009 Matthew Papakipos, engineering director for the Chrome OS, claimed that the Chrome OS consumes one-sixtieth as much drive space as Windows 7; the recovery images Google provides for Chrome OS range between 1 and 3 GB. On November 19, 2009, Google released Chrome OS's source code as the Chromium OS project.

At a November 19, 2009, news conference, at the time Google's vice president overseeing Chrome, demonstrated an early version of the operating system, he previewed a desktop which looked similar to the Chrome browser, in addition to the regular browser tabs had application tabs, which take less space and can be pinned for easier access.At the conference, the operating system booted up in seven seconds, a time Google said it would work to reduce. Additionally, Chris Kenyon, vice president of OEM services at, announced that Canonical was under contract to contribute engineering resources to the project with the intent to build on existing open source components and tools where feasible. In 2010, Google released the unbranded Cr-48 Chromebook in a pilot program; the launch date for retail hardware featuring Chrome OS was delayed from late 2010 until the next year. On 11 May 2011, Google announced two Chromebooks from Acer and Samsung at; the Samsung model was released on 15 June 2011. In August 2011, announced official support for through its streaming service, allowing Chromebooks to watch streaming movies and TV shows via Netflix. At the time, other devices had to use to play videos from Netflix.

In that same month, released a client application for Chrome OS, allowing Chromebooks to access Windows applications and desktops remotely.became the first educational institution in to provide for its students when it announced an agreement with Google in September 2011. By 2012, demand for Chromebooks had begun to grow, Google announced a new range of devices and manufactured.

In so doing, they released the first, the Samsung Series 3, Chrome OS's entrance into the world of desktop computers. Although they were faster than the previous range of devices, they were still underpowered compared to other desktops and laptops of the time, fitting in more with the market. Only months in October and Google released a new Chromebook at a lower price point, it was the first Chromebook to use one from Samsung's line.

In order to reduce the price and Samsung reduced the memory and screen resolution of the device. An advantage of using the ARM processor, was that the Chromebook didn't require a fan. Followed after with the C7 Chromebook, priced lower, but containing an processor.One notable way which Samsung reduced the cost of the C7 was to use a hard disk rather than a solid state drive. In April 2012, Google made the first update to Chrome OS's user interface since the operating system had launched, introducing a window manager called 'Aura' along with a conventional. C is a general-purpose programming language, developed by as an extension of the C language, or 'C with Classes'. It has imperative, and generic programming features, while providing facilities for low-level memory manipulation, it is always implemented as a compiled language, many vendors provide C compilers, including the, IBM, so it is available on many platforms.

C was designed with a bias toward system programming and embedded, resource-constrained software and large systems, with performance and flexibility of use as its design highlights. C has been found useful in many other contexts, with key strengths being software infrastructure and resource-constrained applications, including desktop applications and performance-critical applications. C is standardized by the, with the latest standard version ratified and published by ISO in December 2017 as ISO/IEC.The C programming language was standardized in 1998 as ISO/IEC, amended by the, and standards. The current C 17 standard supersedes these with an enlarged standard library.

Before the initial standardization in 1998, C was developed by computer scientist Bjarne Stroustrup at since 1979 as an extension of the C language. Is the next planned standard, keeping with the current trend of a new version every three years. In 1979, Bjarne Stroustrup, a Danish computer scientist, began work on 'C with Classes', the predecessor to C; the motivation for creating a new language originated from Stroustrup's experience in programming for his Ph.

Stroustrup found that had features that were helpful for large software development, but the language was too slow for practical use, while was fast but too low-level to be suitable for large software development; when Stroustrup started working in AT&T Bell Labs, he had the problem of analyzing the kernel with respect to distributed computing.Remembering his Ph. Experience, Stroustrup set out to enhance the C language with Simula-like features. C was chosen because it was general-purpose, fast and used; as well as C and Simula's influences, other languages influenced C, including 68, Ada, CLU and ML.

Stroustrup's 'C with Classes' added features to the C, including classes, derived classes, strong typing and default arguments. In 1983, 'C with Classes' was renamed to 'C', adding new features that included virtual functions, function name and operator overloading, constants, free-store memory allocation, improved type checking, BCPL style single-line comments with two forward slashes. Furthermore, it included the development of a standalone compiler for. In 1985, the first edition of was released, which became the definitive reference for the language, as there was not yet an official standard; the first commercial implementation of C was released in October of the same year.In 1989, C 2.0 was released, followed by the updated second edition of The C Programming Language in 1991. New features in 2.0 included multiple inheritance, abstract classes, static member functions, const member functions, protected members. In 1990, The Annotated C Reference Manual was published; this work became the basis for the future standard. Feature additions included templates, new casts, a boolean type.

After the 2.0 update, C evolved slowly until, in 2011, the C11 standard was released, adding numerous new features, enlarging the standard library further, providing more facilities to C programmers. After a minor C14 update released in December 2014, various new additions were introduced in, further changes planned for 2020; as of 2017, C remains the third most popular programming language, behind and C. On January 3, 2018, Stroustrup was announced as the 2018 winner of the for Engineering, 'for conceptualizing and developing the C programming language'.According to Stroustrup: 'the name signifies the evolutionary nature of the changes from C'.

This name is credited to Rick Mascitti and was first used in December 1983; when Mascitti was questioned informally in 1992 about the naming, he indicated that it was given in a spirit. The name comes from C's operator and a common naming convention of using '+' to indicate an enhanced computer program. During C's development period, the language had been referred to as 'new C' and 'C with Classes' before acquiring its final name. Throughout C's life, its development and evolution has been guided by a set of principles: It must be driven by actual problems and its features should be useful in real world programs; every feature should be implementable. Programmers should be free to pick their own programming style, that style should be supported by C. Allowing a useful feature is more important than preventing every possible misuse of C, it should provide facilities for organising programs into separate, well-defined parts, provide facilities for combining separately developed parts.No implicit violations of the type system (but allow explicit violations.

A web browser is a software application for accessing information on the. Each individual web page and video is identified by a distinct, enabling browsers to retrieve these resources from a web server and display them on the user's device.

A web browser is not the same thing as a search engine, though the two are confused. For a user, a search engine is just a website, such as google.com, that stores searchable data about other websites. But to connect to a website's server and display its web pages, a user needs to have a web browser installed on their device; the most popular browsers are Chrome, Safari, Edge.

The first web browser, called, was invented in 1990 by, he recruited to write the, which displayed web pages on dumb terminals. 1993 was a landmark year with the release of, credited as 'the world's first popular browser'. Its innovative graphical interface made the World Wide Web system easy to use and thus more accessible to the average person.This, in turn, sparked the Internet boom of the 1990s when the Web grew at a rapid rate., the leader of the Mosaic team, soon started his own company, which released the Mosaic-influenced in 1994. Navigator became the most popular browser. Debuted Internet Explorer in 1995. Microsoft was able to gain a dominant position for two reasons: it bundled Internet Explorer with its popular operating system and did so as with no restrictions on usage; the market share of Internet Explorer peaked at over 95% in 2002.

In 1998, desperate to remain competitive, launched what would become the to create a new browser using the open source software model; this work evolved into, first released by in 2004. Firefox reached a 28% market share in 2011. Apple released its Safari browser in 2003, it remains the dominant browser on Apple platforms.

The last major entrant to the browser market was Google, its Chrome browser, which debuted in 2008, has been a huge success.It took market share from Internet Explorer and became the most popular browser in 2012. Chrome has remained dominant since. In terms of technology, browsers have expanded their, CSS, multimedia capabilities since the 1990s. One reason has been to enable more sophisticated websites, such as web applications. Another factor is the significant increase of broadband connectivity, which enables people to access data-intensive web content, such as streaming, not possible during the era of modems; the purpose of a web browser is to fetch information resources from the Web and display them on a user's device. This process begins.

All URLs on the Web start with either http: or: which means the browser will retrieve them with the. In the case of https:, the communication between the browser and the web server is encrypted for the purposes of security and privacy. Another URL prefix is file:, used to display local files stored on the user's device.Once a web page has been retrieved, the browser's rendering engine displays it on the user's device. This includes video formats supported by the browser. Web pages contain to other pages and resources; each link contains a URL, when it is clicked, the browser navigates to the new resource.

Thus the process of bringing content to the user begins again. To implement all of this, modern browsers are a combination of numerous software components. Web browsers can be configured with a built-in menu.

Depending on the browser, the menu may be named Options, or Preferences; the menu has different types of settings. For example, users can change their home default search engine, they can change default web page colors and fonts. Various network connectivity and privacy settings are usually available. During the course of browsing, cookies received from various websites are stored by the browser; some of them contain login credentials or site preferences. However, others are used for tracking user behavior over long periods of time, so browsers provide settings for removing cookies when exiting the browser.Finer-grained management of cookies requires a browser extension.

The most popular browsers have a number of features in common, they allow users to browse in a private mode. They can be customized with extensions, some of them provide a sync service.

Most browsers have these user interface features: Allow the user to open multiple pages at the same time, either in different browser windows or in different tabs of the same window. Back and forward buttons to go back to the previous page forward to the next one.

A refresh or button to reload the current page. A stop button to cancel loading the page. A home button to return to the user's home page. An address bar to display it. A search bar to input terms into a search engine. There are niche browsers with distinct features.

One example is text-only browsers that can benefit people with slow Internet connections or those with visual impairments. Mobile browser Media related to Web browsers at. Is an American technology company with headquarters in. It develops, licenses and sells computer software, consumer electronics, personal computers, related services, its best known software products are the line of operating systems, the suite, the and Edge web browsers. Its hardware products are the video game consoles and the lineup of personal computers; as of 2016, it is the world's largest software maker by revenue, one of the world's most valuable companies.

The word 'Microsoft' is a of ' and 'software'. Microsoft is ranked No. 30 in the 2018 Fortune 500 rankings of the largest corporations by total revenue. Microsoft was founded by and on April 4, 1975, to develop and sell BASIC interpreters for the 8800, it rose to dominate the personal computer operating system market with in the mid-1980s, followed by Microsoft Windows.The company's 1986 initial public offering, subsequent rise in its share price, created three billionaires and an estimated 12,000 millionaires among Microsoft employees. Since the 1990s, it has diversified from the operating system market and has made a number of corporate acquisitions, their largest being the acquisition of for $26.2 billion in December 2016, followed by their acquisition of for $8.5 billion in May 2011. As of 2015, Microsoft is market-dominant in the operating system market and the office software suite market, although it has lost the majority of the overall operating system market to; the company produces a wide range of other consumer and enterprise software for desktops and servers, including Internet search, the digital services market, mixed reality, cloud computing and software development. Replaced Gates as CEO in 2000, envisioned a 'devices and services' strategy; this began with the acquisition of Danger Inc.

In 2008, entering the personal computer production market for the first time in June 2012 with the launch of the Microsoft Surface line of tablet computers.Since took over as CEO in 2014, the company has scaled back on hardware and has instead focused on cloud computing, a move that helped the company's shares reach its highest value since December 1999. In 2018, Microsoft surpassed Apple as the most valuable publicly traded company in the world after being dethroned by the tech giant in 2010.

Childhood friends Bill Gates and Paul Allen sought to make a business utilizing their shared skills in computer programming. In 1972 they founded their first company, named, which sold a rudimentary computer to track and analyze automobile traffic data. While Gates enrolled at Harvard, Allen pursued a degree in computer science at, though he dropped out of school to work at; the January 1975 issue of featured Micro Instrumentation and Systems's Altair 8800 microcomputer, which inspired Allen to suggest that they could program a BASIC interpreter for the device. After a call from Gates claiming to have a working interpreter, requested a demonstration.Since they didn't yet have one, Allen worked on a simulator for the Altair while Gates developed the interpreter.

Although they developed the interpreter on a simulator and not the actual device, it worked flawlessly when they demonstrated the interpreter to MITS in. MITS agreed to distribute it, marketing it as. Gates and Allen established Microsoft on April 4, 1975, with Gates as the CEO; the original name of 'Micro-Soft' was suggested by Allen.

In August 1977 the company formed an agreement with Magazine in, resulting in its first international office, '. Moved to a new home in in January 1979.

Microsoft entered the operating system business in 1980 with its own version of, called. However, it was MS-DOS. After negotiations with failed, IBM awarded a contract to Microsoft in November 1980 to provide a version of the OS, set to be used in the upcoming.For this deal, Microsoft purchased a CP/M clone called from, which it branded as MS-DOS, though IBM rebranded it to. Following the release of the IBM PC in August 1981, Microsoft retained ownership of MS-DOS.

Since IBM had copyrighted the IBM PC, other companies had to reverse engineer it in order for non-IBM hardware to run as IBM PC compatibles, but no such restriction applied to the operating systems. Due to various factors, such as MS-DOS's available software selection, Microsoft became the leading PC operating systems vendor; the company expanded into new markets with the release of the in 1983, as well as with a publishing division named. Resigned from Microsoft in 1983 after developing. Allen claimed that Gates wanted to dilute his share in the company when he was diagnosed with Hodgkin's disease because he didn't think he was working hard enough. After leaving Microsoft, Allen lost billions of dollars on ill-conceived or mistimed technology investments.He invested in low-tech sectors, sports teams, commercial real estate. Despite having begun jointly developing a new operating system, with IBM in.

Is a free and web browser developed by The and its,. Firefox is available for, BSD, and operating systems, its sibling, is available. Firefox uses the to render web pages, which implements current and anticipated web standards.

In 2017, Firefox began incorporating new technology under the code name Quantum to promote parallelism and a more intuitive user interface. An additional version, Firefox for iOS, was released on November 12, 2015. Due to platform restrictions, it uses the layout engine instead of, as with all other iOS web browsers. Firefox was created in 2002 under the codename 'Phoenix' by the community members who desired a standalone browser, rather than the bundle. During its beta phase, Firefox proved to be popular with its testers and was praised for its speed and add-ons compared to Microsoft's then-dominant 6.Firefox was released on November 9, 2004, challenged Internet Explorer's dominance with 60 million downloads within nine months. Firefox is the spiritual successor of, as the Mozilla community was created by in 1998 before their acquisition by AOL. Firefox usage grew to a peak of 32% at the end of 2009, with version 3.5 overtaking Internet Explorer 7, although not Internet Explorer as a whole.

Usage declined in competition with; as of January 2019, Firefox has 9.5% usage share as a 'desktop' browser, according to, making it the second-most popular such web browser. Firefox is still the most popular desktop browser in a few countries including and with 72.26% and 83.28% of the market share, respectively. According to Mozilla, in December 2014, there were half a billion Firefox users around the world; the project began as an experimental branch of the Mozilla project by,.

They believed the commercial requirements of Netscape's sponsorship and developer-driven compromised the utility of the Mozilla browser.To combat what they saw as the Mozilla Suite's software bloat, they created a stand-alone browser, with which they intended to replace the Mozilla Suite. On April 3, 2003, the Mozilla Organization announced that they planned to change their focus from the Mozilla Suite to Firefox and Thunderbird; the community-driven was formed and replaced the Mozilla Application Suite in 2005. The Firefox project has undergone several name changes, it was titled Phoenix, which carried the implication of the mythical firebird that rose triumphantly from the ashes of its dead predecessor, in this case from the 'ashes' of Netscape Navigator after it had been killed off by Microsoft Internet Explorer in the '. Phoenix was renamed due to trademark issues with. In response, the Mozilla Foundation stated that the browser would always bear the name Mozilla Firebird to avoid confusion.

After further pressure, on February 9, 2004, Mozilla Firebird became Mozilla Firefox.The name Firefox was said to be derived from a nickname of the red panda, which became the mascot for the newly named project. For the abbreviation of Firefox, Mozilla prefers Fx or fx, though it is abbreviated as FF; the Firefox project went through many versions before version 1.0 was released on November 9, 2004.

In 2016, Mozilla announced a project known as Quantum, which sought to improve Firefox's Gecko engine and other components to improve Firefox's performance, modernize its architecture, transition the browser to a multi-process model; these improvements came in the wake of decreasing market share to Google Chrome, as well as concerns that its performance was lapsing in comparison. Despite its improvements, these changes required existing add-ons for to be made incompatible with newer versions, in favor of a new extension system, designed to be similar to Chrome and other recent browsers. Firefox 57, released in November 2017, was the first version to contain enhancements from Quantum, has thus been named.A Mozilla executive stated that Quantum was the 'biggest update' to the browser since version 1.0. Features include tabbed browsing, spell checking, incremental search, live bookmarking, a download manager, private browsing, location-aware browsing based on a Google service, an integrated search system, which uses Google by default in most markets. Additionally, Firefox provides an environment for web developers in which they can use built-in tools, such as the Error Console or the, or extensions, such as and more there has been an integration feature with Pocket.

Firefox Hello was an implementation of, added in October 2014, which allows users of Firefox and other compatible systems to have a video call, with the extra feature of screen and file sharing by sending a link to each other. Firefox Hello was scheduled to be removed in September 2016.

Functions can be added through add-ons created by third-party developers. Add-ons are coded using an and API known as, designed to be similar to the Google Chrome and extension systems.Firefox supported add-ons using the XUL and APIs, which allowed them to directly access and manipulate much of the browser's internal functionality. As they are not compatible with its m. Is an American technology company that specializes in Internet-related services and products, which include online advertising technologies, search engine, cloud computing and hardware.

It is considered one of the technology companies, alongside. Google was founded in 1998 by and while they were Ph. Students at in. Together they own about 14 percent of its shares and control 56 percent of the stockholder voting power through supervoting stock, they incorporated Google as a held company on September 4, 1998. An initial public offering took place on August 19, 2004, Google moved to its headquarters in, nicknamed the.

In August 2015, Google announced plans to reorganize its various interests as a called Alphabet Inc. Google is Alphabet's leading and will continue to be the umbrella company for Alphabet's Internet interests. Was appointed CEO of Google.The company's rapid growth since incorporation has triggered a chain of products and partnerships beyond Google's core search engine. It offers services designed for work and productivity, email and time management, cloud storage, instant messaging and video chat, language translation and navigation, video sharing, photo organizing and editing; the company leads the development of the, the web browser, a lightweight operating system based on the Chrome browser.

Google has moved into hardware. Google has experimented with becoming an Internet carrier.

Google.com is the most visited website in the world. Several other Google services figure in the top 100 most visited websites, including. Google is the most valuable brand in the world as of 2017, but has received significant criticism involving issues such as privacy concerns, tax avoidance,. Google's mission statement is 'to organize the world's information and make it universally accessible and useful'.The companies unofficial slogan ' was removed from the company's code of conduct around May 2018. Google began in January 1996 as a research project by Larry Page and Sergey Brin when they were both PhD students at Stanford University in.

While conventional search engines ranked results by counting how many times the search terms appeared on the page, the two theorized about a better system that analyzed the relationships among websites, they called this new technology. Page and Brin nicknamed their new search engine ', because the system checked to estimate the importance of a site, they changed the name to Google. The domain name for Google was registered on September 15, 1997, the company was incorporated on September 4, 1998, it was based in the garage of., a fellow PhD student at Stanford, was hired as the first employee. Google was funded by an August 1998 contribution of $100,000 from, co-founder of.Google received money from three other angel investors in 1998: Amazon.com founder, Stanford University computer science professor,.

Between these initial investors and family Google raised around 1 million dollars, what allowed them to open up their original shop in After some additional, small investments through the end of 1998 to early 1999, a new $25 million round of funding was announced on June 7, 1999, with major investors including the venture capital firms. In March 1999, the company moved its offices to, home to several prominent technology start-ups; the next year, Google began selling advertisements associated with search keywords against Page and Brin's initial opposition toward an advertising-funded search engine.

To maintain an uncluttered page design, advertisements were text-based. In June 2000, it was announced that Google would become the default search engine provider for Yahoo!, one of the most popular websites at the time, replacing.In 2003, after outgrowing two other locations, the company leased an office complex from, at 1600 Parkway in Mountain View, California. The complex became known as the Googleplex, a play on the word, the number one followed by a zeroes. Three years Google bought the property from SGI for $319 million. By that time, the name 'Google. Is a founded in 1998 by members of.

The Mozilla community uses, develops and supports Mozilla products, thereby promoting free software and open standards, with only minor exceptions; the community is supported institutionally by the and its tax-paying, the. Mozilla's products include the web browser, Thunderbird client, Pocket 'read-it-later-online' service, others. According to web browsers usage statistics, Mozilla's Firefox trails behind. On January 23, 1998, Netscape made two announcements: first, that would be free. One day, from Netscape, registered mozilla.org. The project took its name, 'Mozilla', after the original code-name of the browser — a of ' and ', used to co-ordinate the development of the, the version of Netscape's internet software, Netscape Communicator.Jamie Zawinski says.

A small group of Netscape employees were tasked with coordination of the new community. Mozilla aimed to be a technology provider for companies, such as Netscape, who would commercialize their open-source code; when AOL reduced its involvement with Mozilla in July 2003, the Mozilla Foundation was designated the legal steward of the project. Soon after, Mozilla deprecated the Mozilla Suite in favor of creating independent applications for each function the Firefox web browser and the Thunderbird email client, moved to supply them directly to the public. Mozilla's activities have since expanded to include Firefox on mobile platforms, a mobile OS called Firefox OS, a web-based identity system called and a marketplace for applications. In a report released in November 2012, Mozilla reported that their total revenue for 2011 was $163 million, up 33% from $123 million in 2010. Mozilla noted that 85% of their revenue comes from their contract with Google. At the end of 2013, Mozilla announced a deal with whereby Firefox would download and use a Cisco-provided binary build of an open source to play the video format.As part of the deal, Cisco would pay any patent licensing fees associated with the binaries that it distributes.

Mozilla's CTO, acknowledged that this is 'not a complete solution' and isn't 'perfect'. An employee in Mozilla's video formats team, writing in an unofficial capacity, justified it by the need to maintain their large user base, which would be necessary in future battles for free video formats. In December 2013, Mozilla announced funding for the development of non-free games through its Game Creator Challenge; however those games that may be released under a non-free software or open source license must be made with open web technologies and as per the work criteria outlined in the announcement. In January 2017 the company rebranded away from its symbol in favor of a logo that includes a '://' character sequence from a URL, with the revamped logo: 'moz://a'. On March 24, 2014, Mozilla promoted Brendan Eich to the role of CEO; this led to boycotts and protests from the community and its supporters, as Eich donated US$1,000 of his own money in 2008 in support of California's Proposition 8, a ballot proposition and state constitutional amendment in opposition to same-sex marriage.Eich's donation first became public knowledge in 2012, while he was Mozilla’s chief technical officer, leading to angry responses on Twitter—including the use of the '#wontworkwithbigots'. Protests emerged in 2014 following the announcement of Eich's appointment as CEO of Mozilla.

Companies and received media coverage for their objections, with the former asking its users to boycott the browser, while amassed 50,000 signatures for a petition that called for Eich's resignation. Due to the controversy, Eich voluntarily stepped down on April 3, 2014 and, executive chairwoman of Mozilla Corporation, posted a statement on the blog: 'We didn't move fast enough to engage with people once the controversy started. Mozilla believes both in freedom of speech.

Equality is necessary for meaningful speech, and you need free speech to fight for equality.' Eich's resignation promoted a backlash.

OkCupid co-founder and CEO had donated $500 to candidate who proceeded to vote for multiple measures viewed as 'anti-gay', including the banning of same-sex marriage.claims he did not know about Cannon's stance on gay rights and that his contribution was due to the candidate being the ranking Republican participating in the House subcommittee that oversaw Internet and matters. Reader comments on articles that were published close to the events were divided between support for OkCupid's actions and opposition to them. Supporters claimed the boycott was justified and saw OkCupid's actions as a firm statement of opposition to intolerance towards the gay community. Opponents saw OkCupid's actions as hypocritical, since Eich is the inventor of JavaScript, still required to browse OkCupid's website, felt that users should not be punished for the actions of Mozilla and suspected that OkCupid's actions were a publicity stunt. According to Mozilla's manifesto, which outlines goals, a pledg.